An overview of transmission theory and techniques of large-scale antenna systems for 5G wireless communications

To meet the future demand for huge traffic volume of wireless data service, the research on the fifth generation (5G) mobile communication systems has been undertaken in recent years. It is expected that the spectral and energy efficiencies in 5G mobile communication systems should be ten-fold higher than the ones in the fourth generation (4G) mobile communication systems. Therefore, it is important to further exploit the potential of spatial multiplexing of multiple antennas. In the last twenty years, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna techniques have been considered as the key techniques to increase the capacity of wireless communication systems. When a large-scale antenna array (which is also called massive MIMO) is equipped in a base-station, or a large number of distributed antennas (which is also called large-scale distributed MIMO) are deployed, the spectral and energy efficiencies can be further improved by using spatial domain multiple access. This paper provides an overview of massive MIMO and large-scale distributed MIMO systems, including spectral efficiency analysis, channel state information (CSI) acquisition, wireless transmission technology, and resource allocation

Stocktake of placement preparation and clinical experience for Aotearoa New Zealand student nurses in aged care settings: July 2023

The global population is getting older. In 2019 there were 703 million people aged ≥65 years. This figure is predicted to double to 1.5 billion, or 16% of the global population, by 2050 (United Nations, 2020). By comparison, Aotearoa New Zealand is expected to see a 36% increase in people aged ≥65 years for the ten years between 2021 and 2031 (Stats NZ, 2020). Since age is the most significant predictor for the most common health conditions, and the prevalence of chronic diseases and disability is also set to increase, pressures on most healthcare services are likely to escalate (Inouye et al., 2021). The Better Later Life (2019–2034) strategy sets out key areas of action for addressing a response to our ageing population. It recognises the importance of promoting healthy ageing and improving access to services as a fundamental part of the realisation of the strategy. A key factor underpinning this action is the education of health professionals. Nurses are at the front line of healthcare and are ideally placed to respond to the changing demographic. As a profession, we need to analyse how well we are preparing nurses for undertaking the work that will be required. As educators, we need to anticipate curriculum developments which may be required to support a well-prepared profession